id 1772511655

.clang-tidy

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Apply to ALL headers (empty = no restriction)
+HeaderFilterRegex: '.*'
+
+# Treat warnings as errors (optional but recommended for CI)
+# WarningsAsErrors: '*'
+WarningsAsErrors: ''
+
+Checks: >
+  -*,
+  clang-diagnostic-*,
+  modernize-*,
+  -modernize-use-trailing-return-type,
+  -modernize-use-auto,
+  cppcoreguidelines-*,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg,
+  -cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers,
+  bugprone-*,
+  performance-*,
+  readability-*,
+  -readability-magic-numbers,
+  -readability-identifier-length,
+  misc-*,
+  -misc-unused-parameters
+
+CheckOptions:
+  - key: readability-identifier-naming.NamespaceCase
+    value: lower_case
+
+  - key: readability-identifier-naming.ClassCase
+    value: CamelCase
+
+  - key: readability-identifier-naming.StructCase
+    value: CamelCase
+
+  - key: readability-identifier-naming.FunctionCase
+    value: lower_case
+
+  - key: readability-identifier-naming.VariableCase
+    value: lower_case
+
+  - key: readability-identifier-naming.MemberCase
+    value: lower_case
+
+  - key: modernize-use-nullptr.NullMacros
+    value: 'NULL'

.github/workflows/cpp-build-test-coverage.yml

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
                    --inline-suppr \
                    --error-exitcode=1 \
                    ./src ./include
-
+    
       # -------------------------------------------------------
       # Step 3: Configure and build the project
       # -------------------------------------------------------
@@ -97,3 +97,22 @@ jobs:
           cd build
           echo "## Test Coverage Summary" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
           lcov --summary coverageFiltered.info >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
+
+      # -------------------------------------------------------
+      # Step 7: Run Clang-Tidy (experimenting , not exit)
+      # - Modern C++ static analysis
+      # - Enforces best practices
+      # - Add `--warnings-as-errors=*` to exit code 1
+      # -------------------------------------------------------
+      - name: Run clang-tidy
+        # run: |
+        #   echo "Running clang-tidy..."
+        #   clang-tidy \
+        #     -checks='clang-analyzer-*,modernize-*,performance-*,readability-*' \
+        #     -p build \
+        #     $(find ./src -name '*.cpp')
+        run: |
+            echo "Running clang-tidy using .clang-tidy options"
+            clang-tidy \
+              -p build \
+              -header-filter='^src/.*' $(find src -name "*.cpp")

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ set(PROJECT_NAME_TEST ${PROJECT_NAME}_unit_test) # name for the unit-test execut
 # Require at least C++17 for GoogleTest and modern C++ features
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
+set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON) # Enable output of compile commands for clang-tidy
 
 # Optionally enforce warnings (good for learning/debugging)
 add_compile_options(-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic)
@@ -123,6 +124,8 @@ set(APP_SOURCES
     "src/patterns/creational/Builder.cpp"
     "src/patterns/creational/Prototype.cpp"
     "src/core/datatypes/class/Relationship.cpp"
+    "src/core/datatypes/class/VirtualBase.cpp"
+    "src/core/datatypes/class/Binding.cpp"
     ## Exceptions
     "src/core/exception/BasicHandle.cpp"
     "src/core/exception/ThrowNoexcept.cpp"
@@ -131,6 +134,8 @@ set(APP_SOURCES
     "src/core/filehandle/StringStream.cpp"
     "src/core/filehandle/FileIO.cpp"
     "src/core/filehandle/Directory.cpp"
+    "src/core/filehandle/OutputFormatting.cpp"
+    "src/core/filehandle/BinaryFileHandling.cpp"
     ## Container
     "src/core/datatypes/container/sequence/Array.cpp"
     "src/core/datatypes/container/sequence/Vector.cpp"

Dockerfile

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ RUN \
     apt-get install -y gcc g++  && \
     # install cppcheck
     apt-get install -y cppcheck && \
+    # install clang tidy
+    apt-get install -y clang-tidy && \
     # install lcov
     apt-get install -y lcov
 

README.md

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-## 1. OVERVIEW
+## 1. Overview
 **Project Structure**
 ```
 includes/   → Header files (.h, .hpp)  
 src/        → Source files (.cpp)  
 tests/      → GoogleTest test cases  
 ```
-## 2. DEPENDENCIES
+## 2. Dependencies
 Make sure the following tools are installed before building the project:
 - **g++ / gcc**
 - **CMake**
@@ -14,68 +14,92 @@ Make sure the following tools are installed before building the project:
 - **cppcheck** (for static analysis)
 - **Optional:** Install `clang-format` to format C++ code.
 
-Linux
+**Linux**
 ```bash
 sudo apt install clang-format
 find . -regex '.*\.\(cpp\|h\|hpp\)' -exec clang-format -i {} \;
 ```
-Windows
+**Windows**
 ```bash
 # Install clang-format via Chocolatey
 choco install clang-format
 
 # Apply clang-format recursively to .cpp, .h, .hpp files
 Get-ChildItem -Recurse -Include *.cpp, *.h, *.hpp | ForEach-Object { clang-format -i $_.FullName }
 ```
-## 3. SETUP
-* Setup the Local Test Environment
-    * 1.Using your own Ubuntu system
-        * Install `gcc`, `cmake`, `git`, and `pthread` (Skip this step if you already install)
-            ```
-            $ sudo apt-get update
-            $ sudo apt-get install g++
-            $ sudo apt-get install lcov
-            $ sudo apt-get install cmake
-            $ sudo apt-get install git
-            $ sudo apt-get install cppcheck
-            ```
-        * Build the application and the tests
-            ```
-            $ cd build
-            $ cmake ..
-            $ cmake --build .
-            ```
-        * Run the application and the test
-            ```
-            $ ./cpp_lab_project
-            $ ./cpp_lab_project_test
-            ```
-        * (Optional) Run static analysis
-            ```
-            $ sudo apt-get install cppcheck
-            $ cppcheck "folder" / "file"
-            ```
-    * 2.Using **Docker**
-        * Build the Docker image
-            ```
-            docker build --tag sample-ci-cpp .
-            ```
-        * Run an interactive container
-            ```
-            docker run -it sample-ci-cpp:latest /bin/bash
-            ```
-        * Inspect the environment
-            ```
-            printenv
-            ```
-        * *Notes:*
-            * Use the -t or --tag flag to set the name of the image to be created. (the full name is actually sample-ci-cpp:latest, since latest is the default tag)
-            * Opening an interactive shell inside your Docker container to explore, test, or debug the environment built from your image.
-            * docker run to start a new container.
-            * -it → run it interactively:
-            * -i = keep STDIN open (so you can type commands)
-            * -t = allocate a terminal (TTY)
-            * sample-ci-cpp:latest → the image you built earlier.
-            * /bin/bash → the command to execute inside the container (opens a Bash shell).
+## 3. Setup
+### 3.1. Setup the Local Test Environment
+- **Ubuntu system**
+    * Install `gcc`, `cmake`, `git`, and `pthread` (Skip this step if you already install)
+        ```
+        $ sudo apt-get update
+        $ sudo apt-get install g++
+        $ sudo apt-get install lcov
+        $ sudo apt-get install cmake
+        $ sudo apt-get install git
+        $ sudo apt-get install cppcheck
+        ```
+    * Build the application and the tests
+        ```
+        $ cd build
+        $ cmake ..
+        $ cmake --build .
+        ```
+    * Run the application and the test
+        ```
+        $ ./cpp_lab_project
+        $ ./cpp_lab_project_test
+        ```
+    * (Optional) Run static analysis - cppcheck
+        ```
+        $ sudo apt-get install cppcheck
+        $ cppcheck "folder" / "file"
+        ```
+    * (Optional) Run static analysis - clang-tidy
+        ```
+        $ sudo apt-get install -y clang-tidy
+        $ clang-tidy -p build -header-filter='^src/.*' $(find src -name "*.cpp")
+        ```
+- **Docker**
+    * Update `Dockerfile`
+    * Build the Docker image
+        ```
+        $ cd build
+        $ docker build --tag cpp-lab .
+        ```
+    * Run an interactive container
+        ```
+        $ docker run -it cpp-lab:latest /bin/bash
+        ```
+    * Inspect the environment
+        ```
+        $ printenv
+        ```
+    * *Notes:*
+        * Use the `-t` or `--tag` flag to set the name of the image to be created. (the full name is actually `cpp-lab:latest`, since latest is the default tag)
+        * Opening an interactive shell inside your Docker container to explore, test, or debug the environment built from your image.
+        * docker run to start a new container.
+        * `-it`: run it interactively:
+        * `-i`: keep STDIN open (so you can type commands)
+        * `-t`: allocate a terminal (TTY)
+        * `cpp-lab:latest`: the image you built earlier.
+        * `/bin/bash`: the command to execute inside the container (opens a Bash shell).
 
-## 4. DOCUMENTATIONS
+## 5. Update Docker Image
+```bash
+# Navigate to the project that contain your Dockerfile
+cd cpp-lab
+
+# Build the project by running the following command, swapping out DOCKER_USERNAME with your username.
+docker build -t DOCKER_USERNAME/cpp-lab .
+
+# Verify the image exists locally
+docker image ls
+
+# To push the image
+docker push DOCKER_USERNAME/cpp-lab
+```
+
+## 6. TROUBLESHOOTING
+1. `push access denied, repository does not exist or may require authorization: server message: insufficient_scope: authorization failed`
+=> docker login / Docker Desktop login

src/core/datatypes/TypeConVersions.cpp

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cppcheck-suppress-file [unreadVariable]
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;
 
@@ -12,6 +13,11 @@ class Derived : public Base {
   void show() override { cout << "Derived class\n"; }
 };
 
+class DerivedX : public Base {
+ public:
+  void show() override { cout << "DerivedX class\n"; }
+};
+
 void implicitConversion() {
   cout << "\n--- Implicit Type Conversion ---\n";
   // *1. Numeric promotion (safe, no data loss)
@@ -39,48 +45,59 @@ void explicitConversion() {
 
   double pi = 3.14159;
 
-  // *1. C-style cast
+  // *1. C-style cast - not safe
   int pi_c = (int)pi;
   cout << "C-style cast: " << pi_c << "\n";
 
-  // *2. static_cast - compile-time type checking
+  // **2. static_cast - type-safe relationship + compile-time type checking**
   int pi_static = static_cast<int>(pi);
   cout << "static_cast: " << pi_static << "\n";
 
-  // object -> object
+  //    object -> object
   Derived derived{};
-  [[maybe_unused]] Base baseObj = static_cast<Derived>(derived);
-  // object -> reference
+  Base baseObj = static_cast<Derived>(derived);
+  // DerivedX derivedx =static_cast<Derived>(derived); // ERROR
+
+  //    object -> reference
   const Base& baseRef = static_cast<Derived&>(derived);
   // object -> ptr
-  [[maybe_unused]] const Base* base_ptr = static_cast<Derived*>(&derived);
+  const Base* base_ptr = static_cast<Derived*>(&derived);
 
-  // *3. const_cast: const_cast adds or removes the const qualifier
+  // **3. const_cast: const_cast adds or removes the const qualifier**
   const double c_pi = 2.71828;
   const double* pConst = &c_pi;
   const double* pNonConst = const_cast<double*>(pConst);  // remove const
   cout << "const_cast: " << *pNonConst << " (removed const)\n";
 
-  // *4. reinterpret_cast: reinterpret memory (unsafe)
+  // **4. reinterpret_cast: reinterpret memory (unsafe)**
+  // It is used to convert a pointer of some data type into a pointer of another data type,
+  // even if the data types before and after conversion are different. (#static,dynamic)
+  // It does not check if the pointer type and data pointed by the pointer is same or not.
   const void* pVoid = reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&pi);
   cout << "reinterpret_cast: address of pi = " << pVoid << "\n";
 
-  // ** Use case: Memory-Mapped I/O **
-  // C
+  // ******************** Use case: Memory-Mapped I/O ******************************
+  // C ===============================================
   // #define REG_ADDR 0x000fff01
   //   volatile uint8_t* reg = reinterpret_cast<volatile uint8_t*>(REG_ADDR);
   //   *reg = 0xF;
   //   *reg = 0x1;
 
-  // C++
+  // C++ ===============================================
   // #include <cstdint>
   // constexpr std::uintptr_t REG_ADDR = 0x000fff02;
   // auto* const reg = reinterpret_cast<volatile uint8_t*>(REG_ADDR);
   // *reg = 0xF;
-
   // *reg = 0x1;
+  // ********************************************************************************
+
+  // **5. dynamic_cast: safe cast between related classes - type-safe relationship + run-time type checking**
+  // RTTI (RunTime Type Information) check
+  // #include <typeinfor>
+  // if(typeid(*basePtr) == typeid(Derived)){
+  // Derived* derivedPtr = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(basePtr)
+  // }
 
-  // *5. dynamic_cast: safe cast between related classes (runtime checked)
   Base* basePtr = new Derived();
   const Derived* derivedPtr = dynamic_cast<Derived*>(basePtr);
   if (derivedPtr)
@@ -102,11 +119,11 @@ void typeAliases() {
 
   // *1. using - preferred
   using MyDouble = double;
-  [[maybe_unused]] const MyDouble a = 3.14;
+  const MyDouble a = 3.14;
 
   // *2. typedef - old style
   typedef double OldDouble;
-  [[maybe_unused]] OldDouble b = 2.718;
+  OldDouble b = 2.718;
 
   // *3. Function pointer alias
   using FuncType = int (*)(double, char);